바로가기메뉴

본문 바로가기 주메뉴 바로가기

logo

Construction of Korean Rorschach Comprehensive System for Children Based on Exner's Comprehensive System: An Exploratory Study

Abstract

This study was an exploratory study to construct the Korean Rorschach Comprehensive System for children based on Exner's comprehensive system. One hundred thirteen Rorschach variables, rations, and special scores of 1,049 Korean children, 6~12 years old, were compared to American children norm. Also, we explored whether the location and popular responses were the same as those that suggested. The number of responses (R) totaled 22,067 and the analyzed results were as follows: First, Korean children showed significant differences on 53 variables of the 63 comparable variables (85.48%) and frequency indices were, also, significantly different. Second, 46 D responses and 23 Dd responses of Korean children’s response locations could be scored in the same location as Exner suggested (Exner suggested 82 D response locations and 130 Dd response locations). The Korean children's responses were commonly located on new 12 D and 84 Dd areas. Adding these new areas, there were 62 D and 132 Dd location areas. Third, form quality was rated on 19,357 responses, without Dd99 and DdS99, employing Exner's criteria. The number of responses rated as o, u, - were 6,862 (35.45%), 6,575 (33.97%), 5,920 (30.58%), respectively. Forth, examining Korean children’s popular responses, 5 same popular responses on card Ⅲ, Ⅳ, Ⅴ, Ⅷ were recorded among 13 popular responses given by Exner but not on the other cards.

keywords
Rorschach, Comprehensive System, Projective Testing, Child Assessment, Cultural Differences, Exner, 로르샤하, 종합체계, 투사법검사, 아동평가, 문화적 차이, Rorschach, Comprehensive System, Projective Testing, Child Assessment, Cultural Differences, Exner

Reference

1.

김상윤, 유영금 (1993). 한국정상아동의 Rorschach 반응의 요인분석. 아동연구, 2, 78-84.

2.

김영환, 김지혜, 홍상황 (2006). 로르샤하 종합체계 워크북 (5판). 서울: 학지사.

3.

김중술, 신민섭 (1988). 소아 청소년 정신과 환자들의 Rorschach 반응 특성. 정신의학, 112, 96-108.

4.

김태경, 최지영, 임자영, 윤소미, 신의진 (2006). 성폭력 피해 아동의 로샤 반응 특성: 로샤 검사가 성폭력 피해의 증거를 제공해줄 수 있는가? 한국심리학회지 임상, 25(3), 765-780.

5.

박경 (1986). 한국 정상 청소년의 Rorschach 반응 특성. 교육심리학연구, 1, 20-31.

6.

배금예 (2005). 로샤검사에서 나타난 ADHD 아동의 심리적 특성. 정서․행동장애연구, 21(4), 45-69.

7.

서수균, 신민섭, 김중술 (1998). 아동 및 청소년 환자군의 Rorschach검사 Schizophrenia/ Depression/Coping Deficit Index의 진단적 유용성에 관한 연구. 소아․청소년정신의학, 9(2), 190-197.

8.

신경진, 원호택 (1991). Exner 종합체계에 따른 한국정상성인의 Rorschach 반응특성 I. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 10, 206-216.

9.

양익홍 (2000). 품행장애의 로샤 반응특성 연구. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 19(4), 853-861.

10.

오가혜, 고기원, 조선미 (2005). 로샤 검사 반응에 의한 청소년 비행성향의 예측에 관한 연구. 청소년학연구, 12(4), 195-214.

11.

원호택, 신경진 (1991). 대학생의 Rorschach 반응특성: Exner 종합체계에 따라. 학생연구, 26(1), 19-27.

12.

유인옥, 박순환, 주영희 (1993). 조증환자와 정신분열증 환자의 Rorschach 반응비교(1). 한국심리학회지: 임상, 12(2), 62-72.

13.

이남표, 강봉규 (1988). 정서불안정아 판별도구로서의 Rorschach Test의 기능. 심리학의 연구문제, 3, 231-246.

14.

이선주, 김근향, 김지혜 (1999). 로샤(Rorschach) 검사의 결정인 중 운동반응의 능동형-수동형(active- passive) 채점에 관한 탐색적 연구: 82 개 단어에 대한 한국인의 평정을 중심으로. 임상심리학회 하계학술대회 논문집, 133-134.

15.

이해리 (1985). Rorschach 반응의 판별함수분석에 의한 정신분열증 환자의 감별진단. 서울대학교 석사학위 청구논문.

16.

Ames, L. B., Métraux, R. L., & Walker, R. N. (1971). Adolescent Rorschach response: Developmental trends from ten to sixteen years old (rev. ed.). New York, NY: Brunner/Mazel.

17.

Ames, L. B., Métraux, R. L., Rodell, J. L., & Walker, R. N. (1974). Child Rorschach response: Developmental trends from two to ten years old (rev. ed.). New York, NY: Brunner/Mazel.

18.

Beck, S. J. (1930). Personality diagnosis by means of the Rorschach test. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 1, 81-88.

19.

Brislin, R. W. (1993). Understanding culture's influence on behavior. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.

20.

Canino, G. J., Bird, H. R., Shrout, P. E., Rubio-Stipec, M., Braco, M., Martinez, R., Sesman, M., & Guevara, L. M. (1987). The prevalence of specific psychiatric disorders in Puerto Rico. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 727-735.

21.

Chandler, L. A. (1990). The projective hypothesis and the development of projective technique for children. In C. R. Reynolds & R. W. Kamphaus (Eds.). Handbook of psychological and educational assessment of children. New York: The Guilford Press.

22.

Costantino, G. (1992). Overcoming bias in educational assessment of Hispanic students. In K. F. Geisinger (Ed.) Psychological testing of Hispanics (pp.89-98). Washington, D. C., APA

23.

Costantino, G., Flanagan, R., & Malgady, R. (1995). The history of the Rorschach: Overcoming bias in multicultural projective assessment. Rorschachiana, 20, 148-171.

24.

Cuellar, I. (1998). Cross-cultural clinical psychological assessment of Hispanic Americans, Journal of Personality Assessment, 70, 71-86.

25.

Dana, R. H. (1993). Multicultural assessment perspectives for professional psychology. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.

26.

Dana, R. H. (1998). Cultural identity assessment of culturally diverse groups. Journal of Personality Assessment, 70, 1-16.

27.

Draguns, J. G. (1990). Applications of cross-cultural psychology in the field of mental health. In R. W. Brislin (Ed.), Applied cross-cultural psychology (pp.320-324). NewBury Park, CA: Sage.

28.

Elkind, D. (1976). Child development and education. New York: Oxford University Press.

29.

Exner, J. E. (1974). The Rorschach: A comprehensive system. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

30.

Exner, J. E. & Weiner, I. B. (1982). The Rorschach: A comprehensive system. Vol. 3. Assessment of children and adolescents. New York: Wiley.

31.

Exner, J. E. & Weiner, I. B. (1995). The Rorschach assessment of children and adolescents. New York: Wiley.

32.

Exner, J. E., Weiner, I. B., & PAR staff (2005). Rorschach Interpretation Assistance Program (Version 5.0) [Computer software]. Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc.

33.

Exner, J. E. (1986). The Rorschach: A comprehensive system (2nd Ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons.

34.

Exner, J. E. (2001). A Rorschach workbook for the comprehensive system (5th ed.),Asheville, North Carolina: Rorschach Workshops.

35.

Frank, G. (1992). The response of Africal Americans to the Rorschach: A review of the literature. Journal of Personality Assessment, 59, 317-325.

36.

Frank, G. (1993). The use of the Rorschach with African Americans. Psychological Reports, 72, 276-278.

37.

Frank, G. (1994). Socioeconomic states and the Rorschach, Psychological Reports, 74, 95-98.

38.

Gary-Little, B., & Kaplan, D. A. (1998). Interpretation of psychological tests in clinical and forensic evaluations. In J. Sandoval, C. L. Frisby, K. F. Geisinger, J. D. Scheuneman, & J. R. Grenier (Eds.). Test interpretation and diversity (pp.141-178). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

39.

Hertz, M. R. (1970). Percentage charts for use in computing Rorschach scores. Cleveland, OH: Western Reserve University, Brush Foundation and Department of Psychology.

40.

Jones, E. E. (1978). Black-White personality difference: Another look. Journal of Personality Assessment, 42, 244-251.

41.

Kaplan, B. (1961). Studying personality cross-culturally. Evanston. IL: Row, Peterson, & Company.

42.

Kessler, J. W. (1966). Psychopathology of childhood. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

43.

Koppitz, E. M. (1968). Indigenous psychological research and experience in cultural contexts. Thousand Oaks, Calif. SAge Publishers.

44.

Krall V., Sachs, H., Lazar, B., Rayson, B., Growe, G., Novar, L., & O'Connell, L. (1984). Rorschach norms for inner city children. Journal of Personality Assessment, 47, 155-156.

45.

Lonner, W. J. (1985, October). Issues in testing and assessment in cross-cultural counseling. The Counseling Psychologist, 13, 599-614.

46.

Lopez, S. R., & Hernandez, P. (1987). When culture is considered in the evaluation and treatment of Hispanic patients. Psychotherapy, 24, 120-126.

47.

Lubin, B. J., Larsen, R. M., & Matarazzo, J. D. (1984). Patterns of psychological test usage in the Unites States: 1935-1982. American Psychologist, 39, 454-457.

48.

Malgady, R. G. (1990, May). Overcoming obstacles in minority research: Issues of bias assessment. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychiatric Association. New York City.

49.

Malgady, R. G., Rogler, L. H., & Costantino, G. (1987). Ethnocultural and linguistic bias in mental health evaluation of Hispanics. American Psychologist, 42, 228-234.

50.

Mosciki, E. K., Rae, D., Reiger, D. A., & Locke, B. Z. (1987). The Hispanic health and nutrition examination survey: Depression among Mexican-Americans, Cuban Americans, Puerto Ricans. In M. Gaviria & J. D. Arana (Eds.), Health behavior: Research agenda for Hispanics (pp.145-149). Chicago: University of Illinois at Chicago Circle (Simon Bolivar Research Monograph No. 1).

51.

Nakamura, N., Fuchigami, Y., & Tsugawa, R. (2007). Rorschach Comprehensive System data for the Comprehensive System. Journal of Psychological Assessment, 89(Suppl. 1), 201-216.

52.

Okazaki, S., Kallivayalil, D., & Sue, S. (2002). Clinical personality assessment with Asian- American. In J. N. Butcher (Eds.) Clinical personality assessment: Practical approaches (2nd ed.) (pp. 135-153). New York: Oxford University Press.

53.

Padilla, A. M.,, & Medina, A. (1996). Cross-cultural sensitivity in assessment: Using tests in culturally appropriate ways. In A. Suzuki, P. J. Miller, & J. G. Ponterotto (Eds.), Handbook of multicultural assessment: Clinical, psychological, and educational applications (pp.3-28). San Francisco, Calif.: Jossey-Bass.

54.

Padilla A, M., & Ruiz, R. A. (1975). Personality assessment and test interpretation of Mexican Americans: A critique. Journal of Personality Assessment, 29, 103-109.

55.

Piotrowski, Z. (1957). Perceptanalysis, New York: Macmillan.

56.

Rapaport, D., Gill, M., & Schafer, R. (1946). Diagnostic psychological testing (Vol 2.). Chicago: Yeakbook Publisher.

57.

Ruiz, F., Panelos, M. L., Thomas, E. A., & Exner, J. E. (1980). A comparison of 30 protocols from children in three Spanish speaking countries with normative data for the Comprehensive System [Workshop Study No. 267 (unpublished)]. Rorschach Workshops.

58.

Russell, G. L., G. L. Fujino, D. C., Sue, S., Cheung, M. K., Snowden, L. R. (1996, September). The effects of therapist-client ethnic match in the assessment of mental health functioning. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 27(5), 598-615.

59.

Sendin, C. (1995). Nonpatient transcultural comparison. In Proceeding Book, 14th International Congress of Rorschach and Projective Techniques. Lisbon, Portugal: Gulbenkain.

60.

Shrout, P. E., Canino, G. J., Bird, H. R., Rubio-Stipec, M., Bravo, M., & Burnam, M. A. (1992). Mental health status among Puerto Ricans, Mexican Americans, and non-Hispanic whites. American Journal of Community Psychology, 20, 729-752.

61.

Suzuki, A., Peters, L., Weisbender, L., & Gulespie, J. (1987). Characteristics of American and Japanese schizophrenic patients elicited by the Rorschach technique and demographic data. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 33, 50-55.

62.

Velox, A. J. (2004). Use of the Rorschach as a personality assessment tool with African American students. Doctoral Dissertation, Texas A & M University.

63.

Williams, R. L., & Mitchell, H. (1991). The testing game. In Reginald Jones (Ed). Black psychology. Hampton University: Cobb & Henry Publishers.

logo