E-ISSN : 2733-4538
In this study, we investigated MMPI-2(Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2) profiles to explore clinical characters and personalities of those with bipolar and unipolar depression. MMPI-2 were completed by bipolar(n=29) and unipolar(n=31) depressive patients. Both groups showed elevated scores on the D(Depression), Pt(Psychasthenia) scales, demonstrating that two disorders shared similar depressive symptoms. iIt also may have suggested that bipolar patients, like unipolar patients, suffer from negative cognitive styles during depressive episode. The subtle differences between the two groups with respect to scores on subscales RC8(Aberrant Experiences) and, FAM1(Family Discord) may reflect cognitive and biogenetic vulnerability of bipolar depression. Based on these results, the implications and limitations of this study were discussed.
김중술, 한경희, 임지영, 이정흠, 민병배, 문경주 (2005). 다면적 인성검사- 매뉴얼. 마음사랑
Akiskal, H. S., Walker, P., Puzantian, V. R., King, D., Rosenthal, T. L., & Dranon, M. (1983). Bipolar outcome in the course of depressive illness. Phenomenologic, familial, and pharmacologic predictors. Journal of Affective Disorders, 5(2), 115-128.
Alloy, L. B., Abramson, L. Y., Walshaw, P. D., Keyser, J., & Gerstein, R. K. (2006). A cognitive vulnerability-stress perspective on bipolar spectrum disorders in a normative adolescent brain, cognitive, and emotional development context. Development and psychopathology, 18(4), 1055-1103.
Arbisi, P. A., Ben-Porath, Y. S., & McNulty, J. L. (2003). Empirical correlates of common MMPI-2 two-point codes in male psychiatric inpatients. Assessment, 10(3), 237-247.
Bagby, R. M., Bindseil, K. D., Schuller, D. R., Rector, N. A., Young, L. T., Cooke,R. G., et al. (1997). Relationship between the five-factor model of personality and unipolar, bipolar and schizophrenic patients. Psychiatry research, 70(2), 83-94.
Bagby, R. M., Marshall, M. B., Basso, M. R., Nicholson, R. A., Bacchiochi, J., & Miller, L. S. (2005). Distinguishing bipolar depression, major depression, and schizophrenia with the MMPI-2 clinical and content scales. Journal of Personality Assessment, 84(1), 89-95.
Berrettini, W. (2002). Review of bipolar molecular linkage and association studies. Current psychiatry reports, 4(2), 124-129.
Chang, K. D., Blasey, C., Ketter, T. A., & Steiner, H. (2001). Family environment of children and adolescents with bipolar parents. Bipolar Disorders, 3(2), 73-78.
Coryell, W., Endicott, J., Maser, J. D., Keller, M. B., Leon, A. C., & Akiskal, H. S. (1995). Long-term stability of polarity distinctions in the affective disorders. The American journal of psychiatry, 152(3), 385-390.
Cuellar, A. K., Johnson, S. L., & Winters, R. (2005). Distinctions between bipolar and unipolar depression. Clinical psychology review, 25(3), 307-339.
Donnelly, E. F., & Murphy, D. L. (1973). Social desirability and bipolar affective disorder. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 41(3), 469.
Egger, J. I., Delsing, P. A., & De Mey, H. R. (2003). Differential diagnosis using the MMPI-2: Goldberg's index revisited. European psychiatry, 18(8), 409-411.
Fukuda, K., Etoh, T., Iwadate, T., & Ishii, A. (1983). The Course and Prognosis of Manic-Depressive Psychosis-a Quantitative -Analysis of Episodes and Intervals. Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine, 139(3), 299-307.
Ghaemi, S. N., Sachs, G. S., Chiou, A. M., Pandurangi, A. K., & Goodwin, K. (1999). Is bipolar disorder still underdiagnosed? Are antidepressants overutilized? Journal of Affective Disorders, 52(1-3), 135-144.
Goldberg, J. F., Harrow, M., & Whiteside, J. E. (2001). Risk for bipolar illness in patients initially hospitalized for unipolar depression. The American journal of psychiatry, 158(8), 1265-1270.
Goodwin, F. K., Jamison, K. R., & Ghaemi, S. N. (2007). Manic-depressive illness. New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press.
Graham, J. R., Barthlow, D. L., Stein, L. A., Ben-Porath, Y. S., & McNulty, J. L. (2002). Assessing general maladjustment with the MMPI-2. Journal of personality assessment, 78(2), 334-347.
Hirschfeld, R. M., Lewis, L., & Vornik, L. A. (2003). Perceptions and impact of bipolar disorder: how far have we really come? Results of the national depressive and manic-depressive association 2000 survey of individuals with bipolar disorder. The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 64(2), 161-174.
Hirschfeld, R. M. A., & Klerman, G. L. (1979). Personality Attributes and Affective-Disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 136(1), 67-70.
Jain, U., Blais, M. A., Otto, M. W., Hirshfeld, D. R., & Sachs, G. S. (1999). Five-factor personality traits in patients with seasonal depression: treatment effects and comparisons with bipolar patients. Journal of Affective Disorders, 55(1), 51-54.
Johnson, S. L., & Roberts, J. E. (1995). Life Events and Bipolar Disorder-Implications from Biological Theories. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 434-449.
Kessing, L. V., Hansen, M. G., & Andersen, P. K. (2004). Course of illness in depressive and bipolar disorders-Naturalistic study, 1994-1999. British Journal of Psychiatry, 185, 372-377.
Lumry, A. E., Gottesman, I. I., & Tuason, V. B. (1982). Mmpi State Dependency during the Course of Bipolar Psychosis. Psychiatry Research, 7(1), 59-67.
Miklowitz, D. J., & Johnson, S. L. (2009). Social and Familial Factors in the Course of Bipolar Disorder: Basic Processes and Relevant Interventions. Clinical psychology, 16(2), 281-296.
Nowakowska, C., Strong, C. M., Santosa, C. M., Wang, P. W., & Ketter, T. A. (2005). Temperamental commonalities and differences in euthymic mood disorder patients, creative controls, and healthy controls. Journal of Affective Disorders, 85(1-2), 207-215.
Osher, Y., & Bersudsky, Y. (2007). Thought disorder in euthymic bipolar patients-A possible endophenotype of bipolar affective disorder? Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 195(10), 857-860.
Reilly-harrington, N., Miklowitz, D., Otto, M., Frank, E., Wisniewski, S., Thase, M., & Sachs, G.. (2010). Dysfunctional Attitudes, Attributional Styles, and Phase of Illness in Bipolar Disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 34(1), 24-34
Savitz, J., van der Merwe, L., & Ramesar, R. (2008). Hypomanic, cyclothymic and hostile personality traits in bipolar spectrum illness: A family-based study. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 42(11), 920-929.
Sayin, A., Kuruoglu, A. C., Gulec, M. Y., & Aslan, S. (2007). Relation of temperament and character properties with clinical presentation of bipolar disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 48(5), 446-451.
Scott, J., & Pope, M. (2003). Cognitive styles in individuals with bipolar disorders. Psychological Medicine, 33(6), 1081-1088.
Seligman, M. E. P., Castellon,C., Cacciola, J., Schulman, P., Luborsky, L., Ollove, M., et al. (1988). Explanatory Style Change during Cognitive Therapy for Unipolar Depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97(1), 13-18.
Strong, C. M., Nowakowska, C., Santosa, C. M., Wang, P. W., Kraemer, H. C., & Ketter, T. A. (2007). Temperament-creativity relationships in mood disorder patients, healthy controls and highly creative individuals. Journal of Affective Disorders, 100(1-3), 41-48.
Weissman, M. M., Bland, R. C., Canino, G. J., Faravelli, C., Greenwald, S., Hwu, H. G., et al. (1996). Cross-national epidemiology of major depression and bipolar disorder. Journal of the American Medical Association, 276(4), 293-299.
Weissman, M. M., Leaf, P. J., Tischler, G. L., Blazer, D. G., Karno, M., Bruce, M. L., et al. (1988). Affective disorders in five United States communities. Psychological medicine, 18(1), 141-153.