E-ISSN : 2733-4538
The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy(MBCT) on internet addiction level, anxiety, and stress in college students with internet addiction. Twenty-four participants among five hundred and fifteen ‘C’ university students met for internet addiction. They were randomly assigned to the MBCT program group (n=12) and the control group (n=12). All participants completed the Internet addiction scale (A-scale), State anxiety inventory (SAI), Daily hassles scale (DHS) at pretreatment, at the end of treatment, and at 4 weeks follow-up. The MBCT program was administered for 10 sessions. The results of this study were as follows: Internet addiction level, anxiety level and stress level in the therapy group were decreased more than those in the control group. Finally, implications and limitations of this study and suggestions for future study are also discussed.
The purpose of this study was to examine the utility of the Delay Discounting Task, one of the behavioral tasks that measure impulsivity. Self-management ability was used as a dependent variable for the impulsive behavior. First, the difference in the performance of delay discounting task between the high-level and low-level self-management ability groups was explored. Second, correlations among the delay discounting task, a self-report questionnaire, and self-management ability were investigated. Finally, through controlling a self-report questionnaire measure, the independent influence of the delay discounting task on self-management ability was examined. Participants were 74 undergraduate students attending a self-management course at the university. Individuals performed a self-management project during a semester of the course and submitted a report including all related behaviors at the end of the semester. The report was evaluated and used as a dependent variable. The Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 (BIS-11) was used as a self-report questionnaire measure. Results showed that the low-level self-management ability group reported significantly lower value in delay discounting task than the high-level group; this reflected a higher level of impulsivity for the low-level group. Both BIS-11 and the delay discounting task were significantly correlated with self-management ability, yet the correlation between BIS-11 and the delay discounting task was not significant. Furthermore, significant effect of the delay discounting task on the self- management ability was found even after controlling gender and BIS-11. These results implied that the delay discounting task was a useful measure that indicated impulsivity-related behaviors differently than the self-report. This suggests the need to utilize two different measures when evaluating impulsivity. More implications and limitations are discussed.
To obtain a empirical validity of restructured clinical scales of MMPI-2, data collected from psychiatric patients who were diagnosed as psychotic disorder(n=39), depressive disorder(n=36) and anxiety disorder (n=46). Convergent validity was explored by analyzing zero-order correlations among clinical scales and restructured clinical scales of MMPI-2. RC scale had stronger correlational relations with the original clinical scale of each own. Discriminant validity was confirmed by the results that correlational coefficients among restructured clinical scales was lower than those among clinical scales. RC scales were generally correlated stronger with conceptually relevant subscale of SCL-90-R than irrelevant subscale, which supported concurrent validity. Discriminant validity was also tested by comparing the mean of T score of RC scales from psychotic disorder, depressive disorder, and anxiety disorder. Specifically, RC1 was highest in anxiety disorder, followed by depressive disorder and psychotic disorder and RC4 was highest in depressive disorder, followed by anxiety disorder and psychotic disorder. Also, RC2 was higher in depressive disorder and anxiety disorder than psychotic disorder. These findings suggest that restructured clinical scales have satisfactory and incremental validity, in addition to informational value in evaluating patients with psychiatric disorders. Finally, the results and implications of this study discussed with the stream of previous research.
This study was conducted to examine the validity and reliability of a thought suppression inventory that assesses thought suppression and intrusion separately and evaluates successive suppression as well. Factor analysis from general adults has shown that the inventory consists of three factors: suppression attempts, intrusion and successful thought suppression. The reliabilities of the 3 factors were acceptable. The thought suppression inventory was significantly associated with positive and negative affects (PANAS) and psychopathology including anxiety, depression, and obsession(SCL-(90-R). Thought suppression was also associated with a ruminative response tendency and self-concepts such as self-esteem and self-compassion. These results showed that the Korean version of the TSI has adequate psychometric characteristics and multi-facets of thought suppression. The implications of this study are discussed along with future suggestions.
This study was conducted to examine the validity and reliability of a thought suppression inventory that assesses thought suppression and intrusion separately and evaluates successive suppression as well. Factor analysis from general adults has shown that the inventory consists of three factors: suppression attempts, intrusion and successful thought suppression. The reliabilities of the 3 factors were acceptable. The thought suppression inventory was significantly associated with positive and negative affects (PANAS) and psychopathology including anxiety, depression, and obsession(SCL-(90-R). Thought suppression was also associated with a ruminative response tendency and self-concepts such as self-esteem and self-compassion. These results showed that the Korean version of the TSI has adequate psychometric characteristics and multi-facets of thought suppression. The implications of this study are discussed along with future suggestions.
The current study examined whether a cognitive-behavioral program could reduce low-income students' depressive vulnerability, and explored the moderator variables that could affect the intervention effects. The participants were 34 fifth- and sixth-grade elementary-school students in one metropolitan area, with 18 children in the experimental intervention program and 16 in the control condition. This experimental program comprised 10 sessions; a teacher whose graduate school major was counseling conducted the program. After the experimental group finished the program, the teacher administered it briefly to the control group, too. To measure the participants' depressive vulnerability, we used the Korean Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale for Children and the Global Self-esteem Scale for the pre- and post-tests. The results showed a statistically significant reduction in only the experimental group's dysfunctional attitudes and a significant improvement in only that group's self-esteem. Thus, the cognitive-behavioral program reduced depressive vulnerability in the children of low-income families. Furthermore, we showed gender and pre-dysfunctional attitudes level were moderator variables affecting intervention effects. That is, the program was more effective for females than for males and for children with high levels of pre-dysfunctional attitudes than for children with low levels. Our results suggest that this cognitive-behavioral program, administered at school, effectively reduces depressive vulnerability in children of low-income families, but the effect size could vary according to the characteristics of the children.
BASIS-32 is one of the measurement derived from patient perspectives and covers the major symptoms and functioning difficulties experienced as a result of mental illness. This study was conducted to verify the reliability and validity for the BASIS-32 designed to assess the patient's self-ratings, which could presented different way from clinician. The research packet was administerd to 190 psychiatric patients: BASIS-32, GHQ, SCL-90-R. BASIS-32's reliability was tested by internal consistency, item-total correlation and test-retest reliability. Its validity was tested by factor analysis, concurrent validity, and discriminant validity. BASIS-32 was reliable in terms of internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and corrected item -total correlation r ranged from .49 to .72. The exploratory factor analysis revealed that BASIS-32 had 5 factors. In addition, estimates of validity of BASIS-32 were established with the criterion measures in conceptually expected ways. Correlations between BASIS-32 and GHQ, symptom subscales of SCL-90-R showed sufficient concurrent validity. These results offer the reliability and validity for BASIS-32. Using BASIS-32 assessed patient's subjective clinical symptoms and difficulties, more comprehensive information could be obtained. The implications and limitations of this study were discussed, and future directions of study were suggested.
The present study investigates the usefulness of the Clock Drawing Test(CDT) as a tool for the detection of cognitive impairment by examining the association between CDT performance and, the general cognitive function and each cognitive function evaluated by a neuropsychological battery(SNSB-D). Also, this study examines the efficiency of the CDT for differentiating control, mild cognitive impairment(MCI) and Alzheimer's disease(AD). The results of the quantitative analysis of CDT showed significant mean differences across three groups. In the results of the quality analysis of CDT, errors in all types except for size seem to be different in groups and errors in AD groups appear to be a more frequent than in other groups. We found that the CDT score was significantly correlated with the SNSB-D score. The discriminate accuracy of CDT was relatively low in differentiating the MCI from control group, but somewhat better in differentiating the AD from control group and in differentiating the AD from MCI group. This study showed CDT performance reflects general cognitive function and is a useful tool for assessing cognitive impairment. However, CDT is less adequate at differentiating MCI from control group, so if the CDT is used for MCI, there should be special consideration of this finding, with reference to the quantitative analysis of CDT or other screening tests.
Self-control or self-regulation is the ability to suppress or change one's inner responses, as well as to interrupt undesired behavioral tendencies. In preliminary study, the Self-Control Scale (SCS) was translated and validated. Reliability and validity analyses were conducted. The purpose of study was to explore how self-control and affect are related with binge eating behavior. The analyses were conducted from 167 female undergraduate students. The results of the analyses showed self-control was an important concept in predicting binge eating. The analyses also revealed that self-control interacted with negative affect. The results of this study indicate that people with high self-control are unlikely to binge. Specifically, self-control increases the capacity to pursue long-term goals continuously, when experiencing negative affect. This has a therapeutic implication such that binge eating behavior can be reduced by enhancing self-control ability. Lastly, some implications and limitations of the current study and suggestions for future research are discussed.
The present study investigated the relationships between psychological variables and the subtypes(i.e., reactive, proactive) of relational aggression in early adolescence. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses among 410 middle school students were performed to examine the unique contributions of social evaluative anxiety and excessive demand for others' approval to the subtypes of relational aggression. The results showed that, among girls, social evaluative anxiety was uniquely positively associated with reactive relational aggression and excessive demand for others' approval with proactive relational aggression. Among boys, social evaluative anxiety was marginally associated with reactive relational aggression, and excessive demand for others' approval showed no significant association. The overall results suggest that each subtype of relational aggression has differential specific features and the mechanism for relational aggression exhibits gender difference. The implications of this study are discussed, and the directions of future intervention programs for aggressive youths are suggested.
his study focuses on the influence of psychological acceptance on fear of blushing, trembling, and sweating, all physical symptoms of social anxiety. Study 1 was performed to examine the validity and reliability of the Korean version of the Blushing, Trembling, and Sweating-Physical Symptoms (BTS-PS) and Fear of Blushing, Trembling, and Sweating (BTS-F) and to explore its psychological characteristics. Data were collected from 477 college students. BTS-F significantly explains anxiety about social performance and interaction when BTS-PS is controlled. This result reveals the necessity of therapeutic intervention in the fear of physical anxiety symptoms. The Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ) related negatively to all these anxiety scales. Study 2 was designed to determine the influence of psychological acceptance on fear of blushing, trembling, and sweating during a speech. For this purpose, both ‘high social anxiety’ (n=42) and ‘low social anxiety’ (n=42) groups were selected based on the scores of BTS-F and Social Phobia Scale. They were randomly allocated into two different experimental conditions, i.e., acceptance condition and inhibition condition. The speech was video recorded and two observers evaluated the anxiety symptoms shown on the video. After the speech, participants evaluated the degree of social phobia responses and psychological acceptance. The result of this experiment showed that psychological acceptance reduced the fear of BTS and behavioral anxiety responses in the high social anxiety group. However, BTS-physical responses and overall anxious feeling were not affected by the 10-minute education. In observer evaluations, behavioral anxiety response and overall anxious feeling in acceptance condition were significantly less than in inhibition condition, and there was no difference between high social anxiety group and low social anxiety group. The findings of this study suggest that psychological acceptance has a therapeutic effect on the reduction of fear of physical anxiety responses, and behavioral responses.
The Beck Anxiety Inventory(BAI) has been utilized to assess the level of anxiety symptoms in alcohol- dependent patients. To our knowledge, there have been few studies to examine the factor structure of the BAI in alcohol-dependent patients. This study investigated the factor structure of the Korean version of the BAI in male alcoholics using confirmatory factor analysis(CFA). To compare the goodness of fit of various alternative models, which had previously been reported in the literature, we evaluated the factor structure of the Korean version of the BAI using the CFA in a sample of male alcoholics(n= 786). The results of CFA revealed that the modified hierarchical four factor model provided the best fit to the data. This finding suggests that the Korean BAI is hierarchically structured, with correlated first-order factors of subjective, neurophysiological, autonomic, and panic symptoms loading on a single second-order factor of general anxiety. Finally, the implications and limitations of the current study are discussed.
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test-64 card version(WCST-64) is a neuropsychological assessment instrument, that is widely used to evaluate executive function. The aim of this study is to provide normative data of the WCST-64 performance in the Korean elderly. The WCST-64 was administered to 468 elders (male: 251, female: 217), aged 65-94 years, who were recruited from participants in the Korean Longitudinal Study on Health and Aging(KLOSHA). Age and educational level had a significant effect on the WCST-64 score, but gender did not. The norms are stratified by age (70-74yrs, 75-79yrs, 80-84yrs, 85-90yrs) and education (0-6yrs, above 7yrs). For the resulting 8 normative units, mean, standard deviation, 5%ile, median and 95%ile were calculated.