바로가기메뉴

본문 바로가기 주메뉴 바로가기

logo

Validation of Korean version of Subtle Avoidance Frequency Examination(SAFE)

Abstract

The present study examined the psychometric properties of the Korean version of the Subtle Avoidance Frequency Examination (SAFE). The Korean versions of SAFE, SIAS, SPS, FNE, CSAQ, SFA, DBT, CSI, and BDI were administered to 328 undergraduate and graduate students. Exploratory factor analysis yielded a three factor structure-“subtle safety behavior” “behavior aimed at avoiding or concealing physical symptoms” and “active safety behavior”. In addition, the results showed relatively high internal consistency, and adequate test-retest reliability over a 2 or 3 week period. The Korean version of SAFE was found to have appropriate construct validity with significant positive correlations with social anxiety, dysfunctional self-belief, self-focused attention, and avoidant coping strategy, but no correlation with problem-solving coping or support-seeking coping. Among the three factors, factor 1 was highly correlated with social anxiety-related measure, which suggests that factor 1 reflects the dysfunctional aspect of safety behavior. Factor 2 was found to reflect the traits of somatic symptom-related safety behavior. Finally, the implications and limitations of the present study and suggestions for future research were discussed.

keywords
safety behavior, SAFE, reliability, validity, factor structure, 사회불안장애, 안전행동, 회피행동, 미묘한 회피 빈도 검증 척도, 신뢰도, 요인구조

Reference

1.

경향신문 (1985. 5. 23). 한국인, 타인의 침묵을 두려워 말라.

2.

김소정 (2006). 사회공포증에 대한 과제집중훈련의 효과. 미발표 석사학위논문, 고려대학교.

3.

김은정 (1999). 사회공포증집단의 사회적 자기처리 및 안전행동. 미발표 박사학위논문, 서울대학교.

4.

김향숙 (2001). 사회공포증 하위유형의 기억편향. 미발표 석사학위논문, 서울대학교.

5.

신혜진, 김창대 (2002). 스트레스 대처 전략검사(Coping Strategy Indicator)의 타당화 연구. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 14(4), 919-935.

6.

원호택, 박현순, 권석만 (1995). 한국판 공황장애 척도 개발 연구. 한국심리학회지: 임상. 14(1). 95-110.

7.

이영호, 송종용 (1991). BDI, SDS, MMPI-D 척도의 신뢰도 및 타당도에 대한 연구. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 10(1), 98-113.

8.

이정윤, 최정훈 (1997). 한국판 사회공포증 척도(K-SAD, K-FNE)의 신뢰도 및 타당도 연구. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 16(2), 251-264.

9.

장혜정 (2009). 단축판 역기능적 신념검사의 타당화 연구. 미발표 석사학위논문. 이화여자대학교.

10.

조용래 (1998), 역기능적 신념과 부적응적인 자동적 사고가 사회공포증상에 미치는 영향. 미발표 박사학위논문. 서울대학교.

11.

조용래, 이경선, 황경남 (2005). 사회불안장애 청소년에 대한 집단인지행동치료 효과의 예비연구. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 24(1), 243-253.

12.

홍세희 (2000). 구조 방정식 모형에 있어서 적합도 선정기준과 그 근거. 한국 심리학회지: 임상, 19(1), 161-177.

13.

Alden, L. E., & Bieling, P. J. (1998). The interpersonal consequences of the pursuit of safety. Behaviour research and Therapy, 36, 1-9.

14.

Amirkhan, J. H. (1990). A factor analytically derived measure of coping: The Coping Strategy indicator. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 1066-1075.

15.

Barlow, D. H. (2000). Unraveling the mysteries of anxiety and its disorders from the perspective of emotion theory. American Psychologist, 55, 1247-1263.

16.

Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for the measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 561-571.

17.

Biederman, J., Rosenbaum, J. F., Bolduc-Murphy, E. A., Faraone, S. V., Chaloff, J., Hirshfeld, D. F., & Kagan, J. (1993). A 3 year follow-up of children with and without behavioral inhibition. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 814-821.

18.

Bὂgels, S. M., Mulkens, S., & De Jong, P. J. (1997). Task concentration training and fear of blushing. Journal of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 4, 251-258.

19.

Bὂgels, S. M., & Reith, W. (1999). Validity of Two Questionnaires to Assess Social Fears: The Dutch Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory and the Blushing, Trembling and Sweating Questionnaire. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 21, 51-66.

20.

Clark, D. M. (1999). Anxiety disorders: why they persist and how to treat them. Behaviour research and Therapy, 37, S5-S27.

21.

Clark, D. M. (2001). A cognitive perspective on social phobia. In W. R. Crozier & L. E. Alden (Eds.) International handbook of social anxiety: Concepts, research and interventions relating to the self and shyness. (pp.405-430) New York: John Wiley & Sons.

22.

Clark D. M., Butler, G., Fennell, M., Hackmann, A., McManus, F., & Wells, A. (1995). Social behaviour Questionnaire. Unpublished manuscript.

23.

Clark, D. M., & Wells, A. (1995). A cognitive model of social phobia. In R. G. Heimberg, M. R. Liebowitz, D. A. Hope, & F. R. Schneier (Eds.), Social phobia: Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment (pp.69-33). New York: Guilford Press.

24.

Cuming, S., Rapee, r. M., Kemp, N., Abbott, M. J., Peters, L., & Gaston, J. E. (2009). A self-report measure of subtle avoidance and safety behaviors relevant to social anxiety: development and psychometric properties. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23, 879-883.

25.

Floyd, R. J., & Widamann, K. F. (1995). Factor analysis in the development and refinement of clinical assessment instruments. Psychological Assessment: Special Issue: Methodological Issues in Psychological Assessment Research, 7, 286-299.

26.

Gest, S. D. (1997). Behavioral inhibition: Stability and associations with adaptation from childhood to early adulthood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 467-475.

27.

Hedtke, K. A., Kendall, P. C., & Tiwari, S. (2009). Safety seeking and coping behavior during exposure tasks with anxious youth. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 38, 1–15.

28.

Kagan, J., Reznick, S. J., & Snidman, N. (1987). The physiology and psychology of behavioral inhibition in children. Child Development, 58, 1459-1473.

29.

Kagan, J. (1994). Galen's prophecy: Temperament in human nature. NY: Basic Books.

30.

Kim, E. J. (2005). The effect of the decreased safety behaviors on anxiety and negative thoughts in social phobics. Journal of Anxiety Disorder, 19, 69-86.

31.

Leary, M. R. (1983). A brief version of the fear of negative evaluation scale. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 9, 371-375.

32.

Mattick, R. P., & Clarke, J. C. (1988). Development and validation of measures of social phobia scrutiny fear and social interaction anxiety. Behaviour research and Therapy, 28, 487-495.

33.

McManus, F., Sacadura, C., & Clark, D. M. (2008). Why social anxiety persists: an experimental investigation of the role of safety behaviours as a maintaining factor. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 39, 147-161.

34.

Mick, M., & Telch, M. (1998). Social anxiety and history of behavioral inhibition in young adults. Journal of Anxiety Disorder, 12, 1-20.

35.

Morgan, H., & Raffle, C. (1999). Does reducing safety behaviours improve treatment response in patients with social phobia? Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 33, 503-510.

36.

Okajima, I., Kanai, Y., Chen, J., & Sakano, Y. (2011). Effects of safety behavior on the maintenance of anxiety and negative belief social anxiety disorder. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 55, 71-81.

37.

Plasenicia, M. L., Alden, L. E. & Taylor, C. T. (2011). Differential effects of safety behavior subtypes in social anxiety disorder. Behaviour research and Therapy, 49, 665-675.

38.

Rachman, S., & Hodgson, R. (1980). Obsessions and compulsions: Century psychology series. NJ: Prentice Hall.

39.

Rapee, R. M., & Heimberg, R. G. (1997). A cognitive behavioral model of anxiety in social phobia. Behaviour research and Therapy, 35, 741-756.

40.

Schlenker, B. R., & Leary, M. R. (1982). Social anxiety and self-presentation: A conceptualization and model. Psychological Bulletin, 92, 641-669.

41.

Schwartz, G. E., Davidson, R. J., & Goleman, D. J. (1978). Patterning of cognitive and somatic processes in the self-regulation of anxiety: Effects of mediation versus exercise, Psychosomatic Medicine, 40, 321-328.

42.

Sparrevohn, R. M., & Rapee, R. M. (2009). Self-disclosure, emotional expression and intimacy within romantic relationships of people with social phobia. Behaviour research and Therapy, 47, 1074-1078.

43.

Tobias, S., & Carlson, J. E. (1969). Brief report: Bartlett's test of sphericity and chance findings in factor analysis. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 4, 375-377.

44.

Watson, D., & Friend, R. (1969). Measurement of social-evaluative anxiety. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 33, 448-457.

45.

Well, A., Clark, D. M., Salkovskis, P., Ludgate, J., Hackmann, A., & Gelder, M. (1995). Social Phobia: the role of in-situation safety behaviors in maintaining anxiety and negative beliefs. Behavior Therapy, 26, 153-161.

logo