바로가기메뉴

본문 바로가기 주메뉴 바로가기

logo

The Development and Validation of the Normal Depression Scale

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to develop and validate the normal depression scale, which measures depression experienced by general people. To achieve this purpose, we performed preliminary study and main study in community-based sample, and decided 17 items for this normal depression scale. In the preliminary study, the data of 518 participants were used for analysis and 30 items for male and 35 items for female were chosen. In the main study, the data of 440 participants were used and 17 items were chosen. The result of reliability testing shows high internal consistency and good test-retest reliability. And the result of factor validity indicates 1 factor model and fair goodness of fitness of the model.

keywords
일상우울, 척도 개발, 타당화, 신뢰도, 타당도, normal depression, scale development, validation, reliability, validity

Reference

1.

Ahn, J. W., & Lee, S. (2015). Evaluation of the three-component model of organizational commitment in South Korea: Exploratory structure equation modeling (ESEM) approach. Korean Journal of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 28, 795-827.

2.

American Psychiatirc Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorder (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC:American Psychiatirc Publishing.

3.

American Psychiatirc Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorder (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatirc Publishing.

4.

An, J. Y., Seo, E. R., Lim, K. H., Shin, J. H., & Kim, J. B. (2013). Standardization of the Korean version of screening tool for depression (Patient Health Wuestionnaire-0, PHQ-9). Journal of Korean Society of Biological Therapy Psychiatry, 19, 47-56.

5.

Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B. (2009). Exploratory structural equation modeling. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 16, 397-438.

6.

Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). BDI-II: Beck Depression Inventory manual (2nd ed.). San Antonio, TA: Psychological Corporation.

7.

Brouwer, D., Meijer, R. R., & Zevalkink, J. (2013). On the factor structure of the Beck Depression Inventory-II: G is the key. Psychological Assessment, 25, 136-145.

8.

Buckley, T. C., Parker, J. D., & Heggie, J. (2001). A psychometric evaluation of the BDI-II in treatment seeking substance abusers. Journal of Sustance Abuse Treatment, 20, 197-204.

9.

Burish, M. (1984). Approaches to personality inventory construction:A comparison of merits. American Psychologist, 39, 214-227.

10.

Cai, L., Yang, J. S., & Hansen, M. (2011). Generalized full-information item bifactor analysis. Psychological Methods, 16, 221-248.

11.

Carlson, J. G., & Hatfield, E. (1992). Psychology of emotion. Orlando, FL: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

12.

Chae, J. M., Lee, S., Kim, J. N., & Choi, S. W. (2015). A review and suggestion for Korean depression study from perspective of cultural psychology. Korean Journal of Cultural and Social Issues, 21, 205-225.

13.

Choi, S. W., Lee, S., Kim, J. N., Choi, Y. K., Seo, D. G., & Chae, J. M.(2018). Review of reactive depression and endogenous depression concepts. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 37, 211-224.

14.

Chon, K. K. (1999). Korean adaptation of the state-trait depression inventory: I. Journal of Social Science Research, 6, 285-306.

15.

Chon, K. K., Choi, S. C., & Yang, B. C. (2001). Integrated adaptation of CES-D in Korea. Korean Journal of Health Psychology, 6, 59-76.

16.

Chon, K. K., & Rhee, M. K. (1992). Preliminary development of Korean version of CES-D. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 11, 65-76.

17.

Darwin, C. (1965). The expression of the emotions in man and animals. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

18.

Derogatis, L. R. (1977). SCL-90-R (revised version) manual I. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.

19.

Diener, E. D., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71-75.

20.

Factor 10.3. [computer Software]. Spain: University of Virgili.

21.

Goldberg, L. R. (1999). A broad-bandwidth, public domain, personality inventory measuring the lower-level facets of several five-factor models. Personality Psychology in Europe, 7, 7-28.

22.

Hagen, E. H. (2011). Evolutionary theories of depression: A critical review. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 56, 716-726.

23.

Hahn, D. W., Lee, C. H., & Chon, K. K. (1996). Korean adaptation of the Spielberger’s STAI (K-STAI). Korean Journal of Health Psychology, 1, 1-14.

24.

Holzinger, K. J., & Swineford, F. (1937). The bi-factor method. Psychometrika, 2, 41-54.

25.

Jung, I. K., Kwak, D. I., Joe, S. H., & Lee, H. S. (1997). A study of standardization of Korean form of geriatric depression scale (KGDS). Geriatric Psychiatric Medicine, 1, 61-72.

26.

Kim, J. H., Lee, E. H., Hwang, S. T., & Hong, S. H. (2015). K-BDI-II manual. Daegu, Korea: Korea Psychology Corporation.

27.

Kim, J. K., Lee, S., & Youn, C. Y. (2015). Analysis of the factor structure of core self-evaluation through exploratory structural equation modeling. Korean Journal of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 28, 355-384.

28.

Kim, J. N., Lee, S., Chae, J. M., Choi, S. W., & Choi, Y. K. (2015). Development of a culture-based depression model for Korean, and development and validation of a screening tool based on it: Report on the development of a normal depression scale. Seoul, Korea: Industry-University Cooperation Foundation, Seoul Women’s University.

29.

Kim, J. N., Lee, S., Choi, S. W., Chae, J. M., Seo, D. G., Choi, Y. K., & Cho, C. H. (2017). Development and analysis of a dysfunctional depression scale based on Korean Culture. The Korean Journal of Health Psychology, 22, 849-882.

30.

Kim, J. N., Lee, S., Choi, S. W., Chae, J. M., Seo, D. G., Lee, H. J., & Won, E. S. (2018). Development and validation of the Korean dysfunctional depression scale. Stress, 26, 103-114.

31.

Kim, K. I., Kim, J. H., & Won, H. T. (1984). Korean manual of symptom checklist-90-revision. Seoul, Korea: Chungang Jucksung Publisher..

32.

Kim, M. S., Kim, H. W., & Cha, K. H. (2001). Analysis on the construct of psychological well-being(PWB) of Korean male and female adults. Korean Journal of Social and Personality, 15, 19-39.

33.

Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (2001). The PHQ-9:Validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16, 606-613.

34.

Lee, H. (2011). An investigation of method effects associated with negatively worded items and positively worded items on self-report surveys (Doctoral dissertation). Graduate School of Korea University, Seoul, Korea.

35.

Lee, J. H. (1995). Development of the Korean form of Zung’s selfrating depression scale. The Youngnam University Journal of Medicine, 12, 292-305.

36.

Lee, M. S., & Rhee, M. K. (2003). A development of Korea depression scale. Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatry Association, 42, 492-506.

37.

Lee, S. (2014, August). Proposal of a depression scale fitting to a behavioral scientific and Korean culture-oriented model. In C. C. Kim, J. N. (Development of a behavioral scientific model and proposal of a Korean culture-oriented scale for depressive domain). 2014 Annual Conference of Korean Psychological Association. Korean Psychological Association, Ehwa Womans University:Seoul.

38.

Lee, S., Do, S. L., Kim, J. N., Chae, J. M., & Choi, S. W. (2018). Item development of a normal depression scale: Establishment of content validity through the integration of theoretical approach and experiential approach. Unpublished manuscript.

39.

Lee, S., Kim, J. N., Choi, S. W., Chae, J. M., Choi, Y. K., Seo, D. G., & Kwon, H, I. (2017). New directions for depression studies: Introduction of behavioral science approach. Journal of Psychology:General, 36, 293-323.

40.

Lim, Y. J. (2012). Psychometric properties of the satisfaction with life scale among the Korean police officers, university students, and adolescents. The Journal of Korean Psychology: General, 31, 877-896.

41.

Loyd, B. H., & Hoover, H. D. (1980). Vertical equating using the Rasch model. Journal of Educational Measurement, 17, 179-193.

42.

Luoto, S., Karlsson, H., Krams, I., & Ranrala, M. (2018). Depression subtype based on evolutionary psychiatry: From reactive shortterm mood change to depression. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 69, 630.

43.

Nam, W. H. (2008). Standardization of Korean translation of clinically useful depression outcome scale (CUDOS): Reliability and validity (Master’s thesis). Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea.

44.

Nesse, R. M. (2000). Is depression an adaptation?. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 14-20.

45.

Nettle, D. (2004). Evolutional origins of depression: A review and reformulation. Journal of Affective Disorders, 81, 91-102.

46.

Oh, S. M., Min, K. J., & Park, D. B. (1999). A study of the standardization of the hospital anxiety and depression scale for Koreans:A comparison of normal, depressed and anxious groups. Journal of the Korean Neuropsychiatric Association, 38, 289-296.

47.

Park, J. H. (1997). The effects of perfectionism, self-efficacy, and coping style on depression in office men (Master’s thesis). Korea University, Seoul, Korea.

48.

Plutchik, R. (1980). Emotion: A pshychoevolutionary synthesis. New York, NY: Harper & Row.

49.

Plutchik, R. (2003). Emotions and life: Perspectives from psychology, biology, and evolution. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

50.

Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385-401.

51.

Reise, S. P., Moore, T. M., & Haviland, M. G. (2010). Bifactor models and rotations: Exploring the extent to which multidimensional data yield univocal scale scores. Journal of Personality Assessment, 92, 544-559.

52.

Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 1069-1081.

53.

Shin, H. C., Kim, C. H., Park, Y. W., Cho, B. L., Song, S. W., Yun, Y. H., & Ou, S. W. (2000). Validity of Zung’s self-rating depression scale: Detection of depression in primary care. Journal of Korean Academy of Family Medicine, 21, 1317-1329.

54.

Shin, J., Lee, T., & Yun, S. J. (2017). A bifactor approach to the factor structure study of the CES-D scale. Stress, 25, 272-278.

55.

Shiota, M. N., & Kalat, J. W. (2012). Emotion (2nd ed.). Wadsworth, NY: Cengage Learning.

56.

Spielberger, C. D. (1965). State-trait depression inventory (Form X-1). Palo Alto, CA: Mind Garden.

57.

Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., & Lushene, R. E. (1970). Manual of the state-trait anxiety inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press, Inc.

58.

Weissman, M. M., Myers, J. K., & Harding, P. S. (1976). Assessing depressive symptoms in five psychiatric populations: A validation study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 106, 203-211.

59.

Yoo, T. Y., Lee, K., & Ashton, M. C. (2004). Psychometric properties of the Korean version of the HEXACO personality inventoty. Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology, 18, 61-75.

60.

Yoon, S. Y., Lim, J. H., & Han, C. S. (2012). Rating scales for measurement-based clinical practice of depression. Korean Journal of Psychopharmacology, 23, 136-146.

61.

Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983). The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 67, 361-370.

62.

Zimmerman, M., Chelminski, I., McGlinchey, J. B., & Posternak, M. A. (2008). A clinically useful depression outcome scale. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 49, 131-140.

63.

Zung, W. W. K. (1965). A Self-Rating Depression Scale. Archives of General Psychiatry, 12, 63-70.

logo