E-ISSN : 2733-4538
This study examined the effects of recalling positive autobiographical memories on repairing sad mood in depressed individ uals. Sixty-nine female undergraduates were selected into either a depressed group (n= 35) or a non-depressed group (n= 34). Sad mood was induced by a film clip while activity in the autonomic nervous system was recorded using finger pulse ampli tude (FPA). Following mood induction, each participant was randomly assigned to one of two recall conditions: (1) sponta neous recall in which participants were instructed to freely recall three autobiographical memories and (2) cue-directed recall in which participants were instructed to recall three memories cued by positive words such as “happy,” “thankful,” and “proud.” Results are as follows. First, FPA decreased during the film viewing as compared to the baseline, regardless of group or condi tion, which indicates that sad mood was equally induced across all participants. Second, both groups reported more positive mood in cue-directed recall than they did in spontaneous recall. Third, the non-depressed group showed greater mood im provement than the depressed group did in cue-directed recall. These results suggest that directly recalling positive autobio graphical memories had an effect on repairing sad mood; however, it was more effective for non-depressed individuals.
Bluck, S. (2003). Autobiographical memory: Exploring its functions in everyday life. Memory, 11, 113-123.
Bower, G. H. (1981). Mood and memory. American Psychologist, 36, 129-148.
Bryant, F. B., Smart, C. M., & King, S. P. (2005). Using the past to enhance the present: Boosting happiness through positive reminiscence. Journal of Happiness Studies, 6, 227-260.
Cho, M., & Kim, K. (1993). Diagnostic validity of the CES-D (Korean version) in the assessment of DSM-III-R major depression. Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association, 32, 381-399.
Chon, K., Choi, S., & Yang, B. (2001). Integrated adaptation of CES-D in Korea. Korean Journal of Health Psychology, 6, 59-76.
Foland-Ross, L. C., Cooney, R. E., Joormann, J., Henry, M. L., &Gotlib, I. H. (2014). Recalling happy memories in remitted depression:A neuroimaging investigation of the repair of sad mood. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 14, 818-826.
Gross, J. J., & Levenson, R. W. (1997). Hiding feelings: The acute effects of inhibiting negative and positive emotion. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 95.
Hall, K. A., Raedt, R. D., Timpano, K. R., & Joormann, J. (2018). Positive memory enhancement training for individuals with major depressive disorder. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 47, 155-168.
Hitchcock, C., Werner-Seidler, A., Blackwell, S. E., & Dalgleish, T. (2017). Autobiographical episodic memory-based training for the treatment of mood, anxiety and stress-related disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 52, 92-107.
Jang, E., Suk, J., Eom, J., & Sohn, J. (2005). Development of protocols for inducing emotions using audio-visual film clips. Korean Journal of Cognitive and Biological Psychology, 17, 69-84.
Joormann, J., Cooney, R. E., Henry, M. L., & Gotlib, I. H. (2012). Neural correlates of automatic mood regulation in girls at high risk for depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 121, 61.
Joormann, J., & Siemer, M. (2004). Memory accessibility, mood regulation, and dysphoria: Difficulties in repairing sad mood with happy memories? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113, 179-188.
Joormann, J., Siemer, M., & Gotlib, I. H. (2007). Mood regulation in depression: Differential effects of distraction and recall of happy memories on sad mood. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116, 484-490.
Josephson, B. R., Singer, J. A., & Salovey, P. (1996). Mood regulation and memory: Repairing sad moods with happy memories. Cognition and Emotion, 10, 437-444.
Kreibig, S. D. (2010). Autonomic nervous system activity in emotion. Biological Psychology, 84, 394-421.
Kreibig, S. D., Wilhelm, F. H., Roth, W. T., & Gross, J. J. (2007). Cardiovascular, electrodermal, and respiratory response patterns to fear- and sadness-inducing films. Psychophysiology, 44, 787-806.
Lee, H., & Choi, S. (2012). Influence of overgeneral autobiographical memory and rumination on depression. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 31, 523-540.
Lemogne, C., Piolino, P., Jouvent, R., Allilaire, J. F., & Fossati, P. (2006). Episodic autobiographical memory in depression: A review. L’Encéphale, 32, 781-788.
Mauss, I. B., Levenson, R. W., McCarter, L., Wilhelm, F. H., & Gross, J. J. (2005). The tie that binds? Coherence among emotion experience, behavior, and physiology. Emotion, 5, 175-190.
McFarland, C., & Buehler, R. (1997). Negative affective states and the motivated retrieval of positive life events: The role of affect acknowledgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 200-214.
Neshat-Doost, H. T., Dalgleish, T., Yule, W., Kalantari, M., Ahmadi, S. J., Dyregrov, A., & Jobson, L. (2013). Enhancing autobiographical memory specificity through cognitive training: An intervention for depression translated from basic science. Clinical Psychological Science, 1, 84-92.
Park, I., & Min, K. (2005). Making a list of korean emotion terms and exploring dimensions underlying them. Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology, 19, 109-129.
Pinquart, M., & Forstmeier, S. (2012). Effects of reminiscence interventions on psychosocial outcomes: A meta-analysis. Aging &Mental Health, 16, 541-558.
Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385-401.
Ros, L., & Latorre, J. M. (2010). Gender and age differences in the recall of affective autobiographical memories using the autobiographical memory test. Personality and Individual Differences, 49, 950-954.
Rottenberg, J., Gross, J. J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2005). Emotion context insensitivity in major depressive disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114, 627-639.
Rottenberg, J., Kasch, K. L., Gross, J. J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2002). Sadness and amusement reactivity differentially predict concurrent and prospective functioning in major depressive disorder. Emotion, 2, 135-146.
Rusting, C. L., & DeHart, T. (2000). Retrieving positive memories to regulate negative mood: Consequences for mood-congruent memory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 737-752.
Setliff, A. E., & Marmurek, H. H. (2002). The mood regulatory function of autobiographical recall is moderated by self-esteem. Personality and Individual Differences, 32, 761-771.
Shin, A., & Chae, J. (2011). Emotion regulation strategies in patients with depressive and anxiety disorders. Cognitive Behavior Therapy in Korea, 11, 41-52.
Tamir, M., Chiu, C. Y., & Gross, J. J. (2007). Business or pleasure? Utilitarian versus hedonic considerations in emotion regulation. Emotion, 7, 546-554.
Tulving, E. (1972). Episodic and semantic memory. Organization of Memory, 1, 381-403.
Visted, E. V., Vøllestad, J. J., Nielsen, M. M., & Schanche, E. E. (2018). Emotion regulation in current and remitted depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1-20.
Watkins, E. D., & Teasdale, J. D. (2001). Rumination and overgeneral memory in depression: Effects of self-focus and analytic thinking. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, 353-357.
Werner-Seidler, A., & Moulds, M. L. (2012). Mood repair and processing mode in depression. Emotion, 12, 470-478.
Williams, J. M., & Broadbent, K. (1986). Autobiographical memory in suicide attempters. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95, 144-149.
Wisco, B. E., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2010). Valence of autobiographical memories: The role of mood, cognitive reappraisal, and suppression. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48, 335-340.
Yoo, S., & Kim, M. (2015). The effects of reminiscence therapy in older adults: A meta-analysis. Korean Journal of Social Welfare Research, 46, 133-164.
Yoon, H. (2013). The effects of positive and negative self imagery on the retrieval of autobiographical memories in social anxiety disorder. Cognitive Behavior Therapy in Korea, 13, 107-131.